خطای انتقال نیرو - کاردان گیربکس

خطای انتقال نیرو

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یکی از شایع‌ترین منابع ایجاد سروصداهای صوتی در صنایع، صداهای برخواسته از برخورد اشیاء با یکدیگر از جمله تماس نامناسب دو چرخ‌دنده است. هنگامی که تعداد زیادی از چرخ دنده‌ها در کنار یکدیگر قرار بگیرند، می¬توانند پر سر و صدا باشند. عامل اصلی صدای جعبه دنده از چرخ¬دنده‌های آن و در اثر تماس دندانه ها، هنگامی که نیرو و حرکت از یک چرخ‌دنده به چرخ‌دنده دیگر منتقل می شود، سرچشمه می‌گیرد.
یکی از مهم‌ترین مکانیزم‌های تحریک ارتعاش و سر و صدای چرخ‌‌دنده را خطای انتقال می توان دانست. علاوه بر خطای انتقال ، عوامل دیگری مانند اصطکاک و گشتاور خمشی در بعضی مواقع باعث ایجاد تحریک ارتعاشی و سروصدا در چرخ‌دنده می‌شود که گاهی تأثیر آن ها مانند تأثیر TE در چرخ‌دنده است.
فرآیند تولید سروصدا در چرخ‌دنده‌ها را می‌توان در سه بخش معرفی کرد:
۱- تحریک‌پذیری: براثر درگیری چرخ‌دنده‌ها ارتعاشاتی ایجاد می شود که اساساً در اثر خطای انتقال است.
۲- انتقال: ارتعاشات از طریق چرخ‌دنده، شافت ها و یاتاقان‌ها به بدنه منتقل می‌یابد.
۳- منبع صدا: بدنه مرتعش باعث ایجاد تغییرات در فشار هوای اطراف می‌شود که به‌عنوان نویز دریافت می‌گردد.

تعریف خطای انتقال
مفهوم اولیه خطای انتقال توسط هریس معرفی شد و گفته می‌شود که تئوری آن، با هر نوع مشخصات و تحت هر بار انتقالی قابل اجرا است [۱]. مارک در مقاله خود توضیح داده است که یک جفت چرخ دنده درگیر با سختی یکسان، تمایل به انتقال کامل حرکت زاویه‌ای دارد، اما در عمل به طور قطعی این چنین نیست و این فرض نقض می‌شود و حرکت زاویه‌ای یکنواخت انتقال نمی‌یابد [۲].
در واقع خطای انتقال به این صورت تعریف می‌گردد:
مطابق شکل ۱، میزان چرخش تئوری چرخ‌دنده‌، θ_gear، باید به اندازه میزان چرخش پینیون، θ_pinion، باشد اما در عمل این چنین نیست، تفاوت بین سرعت زاویه‌ای تئوری یا فرضی چرخ‌‌دنده، با سرعت زاویه‌ای واقعی یا اندازه‌گیری شده، به صورت خطای انتقال تعریف می‌شود.

  انتقال نیرو

شکل ۱: شماتیک خطای انتقال

کاملا مشخص است که خطای انتقال از جنس جابجایی است و به صورت جابجایی زاویه‌ای یا خطی بیان می‌شود.
بیان خطای انتقال به صورت جابجایی زاویه‌ای مطابق رابطه (۱) می‌باشد که در این صورت دارای واحد میکرورادیان (µrad) است، و بیان آن به صورت جابجایی خطی مطابق رابطه (۲) و دارای واحد میکرومتر (µm) است.

(۱) TE(ω)=θ_gear (ω)-R_pinion/R_gear θ_pinion (ω)
(۲) TE(µm)=R_gear θ_gear-R_pinion θ_pinion

انواع خطای انتقال
انواع مختلفی از خطای انتقال وجود دارد که تفاوت اندکی نسبت به یکدیگر دارند و عبارتند از:
• خطای انتقال ساخت : درک این نوع خطای انتقال بسیار ساده است. ازآنجایی‌که هندسه دندانه‌های چرخ‌دنده به‌طور مستقیم بر روی موقعیت زاویه‌ای چرخ دنده خروجی، برای یک موقعیت چرخ دنده ورودی تأثیر می‌گذارد، بنابراین هر تغییری در نقطه تماس دندانه‌ها ممکن است باعث افزایش خطای انتقال شود. این تغییر بر اساس ساخت چرخ دنده‌ها است و خطای انتقال ساخت نامیده می‌شود. این تنها نوع از خطای انتقال است که تنها از یک چرخ دنده اندازه‌گیری می‌شود .
• خطای انتقال استاتیکی : خطای انتقال تحت بارگذاری و سرعت کم، خطای انتقال استاتیکی نامیده می‌شود.
• خطای انتقال حرکتی : خطای انتقال حرکتی از خطای انتقال ساخت حاصل می‌شود، درحالی‌که ناهمواری‌های موجود در سطح نیز در نظر گرفته می‌شود که با چشم غیر مسلح قابل رؤیت نیست. تفاوت بسیار کمی بین خطای انتقال ساخت و حرکتی وجود دارد.
• خطای انتقال دینامیکی : زمانی که بار و سرعت متغیر باشد خطای انتقال دینامیکی تعریف می‌شود [۳].
منابع خطای انتقال
از دلایل اصلی خطای انتقال می توان به خمش، خطاهای هندسی و تغییر شکل هندسی یک جفت چرخ‌دنده درگیر اشاره کرد.

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    AIs could additionally be used instead to forestall gynecomastia, providing protection from high estrogen and
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    Trenbolone, like testosterone, is injectable; thus, there aren't any apparent damaging effects on the liver with this cycle.

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    On a per milligram foundation, Anavar is technically 6 occasions more anabolic than testosterone (6); nevertheless, in vivo, this does not translate into additional muscle positive aspects.
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    Microorganisms can modify quite so much of natural compounds via organic or microbial transformation. Steroids
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